Sweden
In Sweden there are three instruments supporting the RES technology: quota obligation, subsidies and fiscal regulation mechanisms. [54] The major mean of transport is quota system which is eligible for all of the RES technologies if the additional requirements are met. The RES power plants are eligible if commissioned prior to 1st May 2003 cedes at the end of 2012 or 2014. Otherwise systems become ineligible after 15 years of promotion, however at the end of 2030 at the latest. In case of hydro technology only small existing and new large are supported. Wave systems are eligible without restrictions. The amounts of quota are described by the following figure (Fig. 57): [54]
The first subsidy system (Grants for research and development in the field of wind energy) are eligible for onshore technologies if farms are located near coast where the average wind speed at an altitude of 71 metres is at least 6.6 m per second. Offshore power plants are eligible without restrictions. The subsidy can be paid in three ways: [54]
- Measures promoting environmental sustainability. In that method the system operator can receive 40% of investment costs difference between the RES technology and conventional. Small and medium enterprises can obtain 50% or even 100%. [54]
- Technology grants. It covers up to 50% of additional investment costs however the amount of subsidy can not exceed 200 000 . [54]
- Development costs prior to market entry. Until the total budged does not exhausted the operator systems can receive 25% of costs related with the RES technology development. [54]
The second subsidy system (Grants on the planning of wind energy projects) is still under construction however probably will eligible for all wind technologies and the amount will equal 50% of planning costs. [54] The third subsidy system (Grants for the installation of photovoltaic systems on buildings) is eligible for the PV systems. The amount is 60% of the costs related with planning, services, materials and labouring (expect large enterprises for which the subsidy amount equals 55%). Moreover total costs can not exceed 75 000 kronor (with VAT) per kWh. Maximum amount of subsidy equals 2 million kronor. [54] The first fiscal regulation mechanism (Reduction of real estate tax) is eligible only for the wind technologies. The amount of estate tax is reduced to 0,2%. [54] The second fiscal regulation mechanism (Energy tax reduction) is eligible also only for the wind technologies. It allow for reduce tax to 12 öre till the production does not exceed 20 000 kWh from 1 kW of installed power. [54] In Sweden the RES systems does not have priority however the grid operator is statutory obligated to connect the RES power plant to the grid without discrimination. Moreover is responsible for the electricity network upgrade and expanse if it is necessary on normal conditions. [54] Regulation requirements in Sweden are Act no. 2003/113, Regulation no. 2003:120, Act no. 1994/1776, Regulation no. 2003:564, Regulation no. 2009:689, Regulation no. 2007:160, Act no. 1984/1052 and Act no. 2006/2. [54]
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Environment and public awareness|
Legislation|
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